Exploring diversity and functional contribution of the microbiome of traditional Italian dry-cured hams

Traditional dry-cured hams host diverse microbial communities; however, their taxonomic composition, functional capacity, and potential interactions with the human gut remain poorly understood. This study aimed to provide a comprehensive characterization of the microbiota associated with Italian Protected Designation of Origin (PDO) dry-cured hams and to investigate their functional relevance in the food matrix and under simulated intestinal conditions. A total of 96 samples, representing different geographical origins and maturation stages, were analyzed using metagenomics approaches. A conserved microbial core dominated by <i>Staphylococcus equorum</i> (prevalence 80 %) was identified, accompanied by accessory taxa such as <i>Tetragenococcus halophilus</i> (62 %) and <i>Leuconostoc carnosum</i> (10 %). Cluster analyses revealed substantial variability across samples, with community structures influenced more by producer-specific factors than by product type or ripening stage. Functional metagenomics investigation highlighted the presence of metabolic pathways associated with amino acid degradation, carbohydrate metabolism, and lipid transformation, supporting a role for ham-associated microbes in flavor and texture development. Furthermore, cultivation in a simulated gut environment showed a marked reshaping of the microbial community, with low-abundance taxa, including <i>Bacillus</i> spp. and <i>Lactococcus lactis</i>, proliferating under intestinal-like conditions, while the dominance of <i>S. equorum</i> was reduced. Our findings showed that the microbiota of dry-cured ham not only drives key sensory qualities of the product but also comprises a reservoir of live microorganisms capable of tolerating the gut-like conditions. These results highlight the dual role of foodborne microbiota in shaping both food properties and potential interactions with the human host, underscoring the need for further <i>in vivo</i> investigations.